Air Tanah

<span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="350" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0ryEwCUlc7E" width="482" youtube-src-id="0ryEwCUlc7E"></iframe></span></span></div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><br></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Airtanah adalah air yang berada di bawah permukaan tanah pada zona jenuh air,</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dengan tekanan hidrostatis sama atau lebih besar daripada tekanan udara. Sumber utama</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">airtanah adalah air hujan yang meresap ke dalam tanah mengikuti suatu proses yang</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">disebut sebagai daur hidrologi (Purnama, 2000). </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut Todd (1980), airtanah adalah air</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">yang terdapat dalam tanah atau batuan, menempati</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ruang-ruang antar butir batuan serta</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">berada dalam celah-celah batuan. Berdasarkan daur hidrologi, airtanah berasal dari air </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">hujan yang bergerak ke bawah melalui zona aerasi yaitu zona yang berupa pori-pori tanah</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">berisi air dan udara dalam jumlah yang berbeda-beda.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="323" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9Ei5wBMJ-_I" width="481" youtube-src-id="9Ei5wBMJ-_I"></iframe></span></span></div><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><br></span></span><p></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Air yang melalui zona aerasi ditahan oleh gaya-gaya kapiler pada pori-pori yang</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">kecil atau oleh tarikan molekuler di sekitar partikel-partikel tanah. Apabila kapasitas</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">retensi dari tanah pada zona ini telah dihabiskan, air akan bergerak ke bawah menuju poripori</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">tanah atau batuan yang jenuh air yang disebut sebagai zona jenuh air (zone of</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">saturation). Air yang terdapat pada zona jenuh air</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">inilah yang disebut sebagai airtanah</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">(Linsley, 1985). Perbedaan kondisi fisik secara alami akan mengakibatkan air dalam zonasi</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ini akan bergerak/mengalir baik secara gravitasi, perbedaan tekanan, kontrol struktur</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">batuan dan parameter lainnya. Kondisi inilah yang disebut sebagai aliran airtanah.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Daerah</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">aliran airtanah ini selanjutnya disebut sebagai daerah aliran (flow zone).</span></span></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Airtanah ditemukan pada formasi geologi permeabel (tembus air) yang disebut</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">sebagai akuifer.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Akuifer merupakan formasi pengikat air yang memungkinkan jumlah air</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">yang cukup besar untuk bergerak melaluinya pada kondisi lapangan yang biasa.Pada</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">akuifer, airtanah menempati pori-pori batuan, retakan ataupun patahan pada suatu batuan.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Secara umum airtanah akan mengalir sangat perlahan melalui suatu celah yang sangat kecil</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dan atau melalui butiran antar batuan. formasi geologi merupakan faktor yang</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">mempengaruhi proses terbentuknya airtanah. Formasi geologi adalah formasi batuan atau</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">material lain yang berfungsi menyimpan airtanah dalam jumlah besar (Asdak, 1995).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="362" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pcKgdN9SlCg" width="479" youtube-src-id="pcKgdN9SlCg"></iframe></span></span></div><p></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam proses pembentukan airtanah, formasi-formasi yang berisi dan memancarkan</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">airtanah dikenal sebagai akuifer (Linsley, 1985).</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Airtanah tidak dapat ditemukan di setiap tempat.Ada tidaknya airtanah tergantung</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dari ada tidaknya lapisan batuan yang dapat mengandung airtanah yang disebut dengan</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">akuifer.Menurut PP No. 43 tahun 2008 akuifer merupakan lapisan batuan jenuh airtanah</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">yang dapat menyimpan dan meloloskan air dalam jumlah yang cukup.Artinya dapat</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">mensuplai suatu sumur atau mata air pada suatu periode tertentu.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Akuifer sering pula disebut waduk air atau formasi air. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Krussman dan Ridder (1970) bahwa akuifer dapat dikelompokkan menjadi barbagai</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> macam, yaitu :</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">a. Akuifer bebas (unconfined aquifer) yaitu lapisan air yang hanya sebagian terisi oleh air</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dan berada di atas lapisan kedap air. Permukaan tanah pada akuifer ini disebut dengan</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">water table (preatik level), yaitu permukaan air yang mempunyai tekanan hidrostatik</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">sama dengan atmosfer.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Airtanah yang berasal dari akuifer bebas pada umumnya</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ditemukan pada kedalaman yang relatif</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dangkal atau kurang dari 40 m. Kasus khusus</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dari akuifer bebasa adalah akuifer menggantung</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">(perched aquifer) yang terjadi akibat</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">terpisahnya airtanah dari tubuh airtanah utama oleh suatu</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">formasi batuan kedap air</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">(Kodoatie, 1996)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">b. Akuifer tertekan (confined aquifer) yaitu akuifer yang seluruh jumlahnya dibatasi oleh</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">lapisan kedap air, baik yang atas maupun yang berada di bawah, serta mempunyai</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">tekanan lebih besar daripada tekanan atmosfer.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">c. Akuifer semi tertekan (semi confined aquifer) yaitu akuifer yang seluruhnya jenih air,</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dimana bagian atasnya dibatasi dengan lapisan semi lolos air pada bagian bawahnya</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">merupakan lapisan kedap air.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">d. Akuifer semi bebas (semi unconfined aquifer) yaitu akuifer yang bagian bawahnya</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">merupakan lapisan kedap air, sedangkan material atasnya merupakan material berbutir</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">halus sehingga pada</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">lapisan penutupnya masih memungkinkan adanya gerakan air.</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dengan demikian akifer ini merupakan peralihan antara akuifer bebas dengan akuifer</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">semi tertekan.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: trebuchet;"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> 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Air Tanah

  Airtanah adalah air yang berada di bawah permukaan tanah pada zona jenuh air, dengan tekanan hidrostatis sama atau lebih besar daripada...

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Pendugaan Akuifer dengan ADMT Golden Rod

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8bgeYbr6Zk0" width="481" youtube-src-id="8bgeYbr6Zk0"></iframe></span></div><span style="font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Airtanah bersifat dinamis dan dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah faktor alam. Geologi dan geomorfologi sangat menentukan prospek tanah di suatu daerah. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Struktur geologi</b> mempengaruhi arah gerakan airtanah, jenis dan ketebalan akuifer. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Stratigrafi</b> dari beberapa lapisan batuan dapat berpengaruh pada jenis, kedalaman, dan ketebalan akuifer. Sementara itu, permeabilitas dan konsentrasi ion terlarut dipengaruhi oleh <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">litologi akuifer</b>. Morfologi relief permukaan bumi mempengaruhi terjadinya dan arah gerakan airtanah. Perubahan topografi permukaan mempengaruhi kedalaman muka airtanah dan arah gerakan airtanah. Morfogenesis mempengaruhi permeabilitas, porositas, dan laju infiltrasi. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kajian regional terhadap aspek-aspek diatas memberikan gamparan potensi akuifer disuatu daerah. Dalam perkembangannya kajian regional belum cukup untuk menentukan potensi aktual sehingga diperlukan teknologi tambahan dalam memetakan daerah dan mendapatkan informasi yang lebih akurat.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ADMT Golden Rod ini berbasis MT (Magnetotelurik)  salah-satunya metode yang memberikan gambaran detil vertikal resistivitas batuan dan akuifer karena berdomain frekuensi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 115%;">Perekaman resistiv</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">i</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 115%;">tas menggunakan </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">alat ADMT dapat dilakukan dengan dua (2) metode yaitu : metode magnetik</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">dan elektroda (sebagai pembanding) </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 115%;">dengan spasi </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">pengukuran horizontal <b>yang ditentukan</b></span><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;">. Koneksi alat menggunakan mobil phone dengan koneksi via bluetooth dimana metode magnetik menggunakan wireless sensor sedangkan metode elektroda menggunakan media patok tembaga untuk menangkan medan listrik alami, sedangkan data dan pengolahan menggunakan software <b>AIDU Prospecting.</b></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: small; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Medan magnet tidak diukur dalam pengujian ini tetapi dimodifikasi menjadi konstanta (hak paten) khususnya untuk akuifer menggunakan tipe HT dan S sedangkan untuk mineral menggunakan tipe A dan GT. </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> 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